Virtual Screening of Selected Natural Products as Human Tyrosinase-Related Protein 1 Blockers

Chidi Duru; Ijeoma  Duru; Chiagoziem  Chidiebere

doi:10.46481/jnsps.2021.253

Authors

Chidi Duru
chidiedbertduru@gmail.com
Surface Chemistry and Environmental Technology (SCENT) Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Ijeoma Duru Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State Nigeria
Chiagoziem Chidiebere Surface Chemistry and Environmental Technology (SCENT) Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

Keywords:

Human tyrosinase-related protein 1, skin lightening, Hydroquinone, Tropolone, Salicin

Abstract

Many researchers have widely explored the need to replace the harmful compound hydroquinone in skin-lightening creams with more skin-friendly compounds that can give similar results. Some compounds from the plant kingdom have been shown to possess human tyrosinase inhibitory action with no adverse effect on the skin. In this study, the virtual screen of glabridin, kojic acid, arbutin, niacinamide, ascorbic acid, salicin, lactic acid, glutathione, azelaic acid, linoleic acid, glycolic acid, acclaimed to possess this activity as well as the synthetic compound hydroquinone, as human tyrosinase-related protein 1 inhibitor was investigated using computational methods. Site-directed docking was performed at the binding pocket on the enzyme carrying the cocrystallized ligand tropolone. The binding affinity of salicin (-6.7 kcal/mol), a-arbutin (-6.3 kcal/mol), glutathione (-6.2 kcal/mol), ascorbic acid (-5.7 kcal/mol), and niacinamide (-5.7 kcal/mol) were higher than that of the cocrystallized ligand tropolone (-5.5 kcal/mol) and the synthetic skin lightening compound hydroquinone (-4.8 kcal/mol). a-arbutin and glutathione also interacted with similar amino acids units as hydroquinone, suggesting that they followed the exact mechanism of action. These findings strongly corroborate the claim that these natural products could inhibit melanin production and may serve to replace hydroquinone in skin lightening creams.

Dimensions

REFERENCES

E. Darj, J.J. Infanti, B.M. Ahlberg & J. Okumu, “The fairer the better? Use of potentially toxic skin bleaching products”, Afri Health Sci 15 (2015) 1074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v15i4.4

M. Lartey, F.D. Krampa, M. Abdul-Rahman, N.L. Quarcoo, P. Yamson, P.G. Hagan, Y. Tettey, R. Gyasi & A.A. Adjei, “Use of skin-lightening products among selected urban communities in Accra, Ghana”, Int J Dermatol 56 (2017) 32-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13449

S.B. Adebajo “An epidemiological survey of the use of cosmetic skin lightening cosmetics among traders in Lagos, Nigeria”, West Afr J Med 21 (2002) 51.

L.M. Davids, N.P. Van Wyk J. Khumalo & N.G. Jablonski, “The phenomenon of skin lightening: Is it right to be light?”, S Afr J Sci, 112 (2016) 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2016/20160056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2016/20160056

X. Lai, H.J. Wichers, M. Soler-Lopez & B.W. Dijkstra, “Structure and function of human tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related proteins”, Chemistry 24 (2018) 47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201880164

X. Lai, H.J. Wichers, M. Soler-Lopez & B.W. Dijkstra, “Structure of human tyrosinase related protein 1 reveals a binuclear zinc active site important for melanogenesis”, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 56 (2017) 9812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201704616

R. Chopra, P.P. Vakharia, R. Sacotte & J.I. Silverberg, “Efficacy of bleach baths in reducing severity of atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis”, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 119 (2017) 435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2017.08.289

A. Jose & R.G. Ray, “Toxic content of certain commercially available fairness creams in Indian market”, Cogent Med 5 (2018) 1433104. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2018.1433104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2018.1433104

W. Zhu & J. Gao, “The use of botanical extracts as topical skin-lightening agents for the improvement of skin pigmentation disorders”, J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 13 (2008) 20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/jidsymp.2008.8

T. Pillaiyar, M. Manickam & V. Namasivayam, “Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors”, J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 32 (2017) 403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882

Pulse.ng “Senates move to regulate distribution, marketing of bleaching cream”, 16 February 2021. https://www.pulse.ng/business senate-moves-to-regulate-bleaching-cream cosmetics/

N. Hanif, A.M. Al-Shami, K.A. Khalid & H. Ab Hadi, “Plant-based skin lightening agents: A review”, J Phytopharmacol 9 (2020) 54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2020.9109

E.F. Pettersen, T.D. Goddard, C.C. Huang, G.S. Couch, D.M. Greenblatt, E.C. Meng & T.E. Ferrin, “UCSF Chimera- a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis”, J Comput Chem 25 (2004) 1605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20084

C.E. Duru, I.A. Duru & A. Bilar “Computational investigation of sugar fermentation inhibition by bergenin at the pyruvate decarboxylate isoenzyme 1 target of Scharomyces cervisiae”, J Med Plants Stud 8 (2020) 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/plants.2020.v8.i6a.1225

C.E. Duru, I.A. Duru, C.B.C. Ikpa, U.E. Enenebeaku, I.C. Obiagwu, M.C. Igbomezie & M.A. Nnabuchi, “In Silico docking studies of bioactive compounds in Ocimum gratissimum essential oil against Candidapepsin-1 Enzyme from Candida albicans”, Trop J Nat Prod Res 5 (2021) 364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i2.26

BIOVIA DS, “Discovery studio modeling environment”, San Diego, Dassault Systemes, Release, 20.1 (2020).

S. Megantara, M.I. Iwo, J. Levita & S. Ibrahim, “Determination of ligand position in aspartic proteases by correlating tanimoto coefficient and binding affinity with root mean square deviation”, J Appl Pharm Sci 6 (2016) 125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2016.600120

Y.C. Tsao, Y.J. Chang, C.H. Wang & L. Chen, “Discovery of isoplumbagin as a novel NQO1 substrate and anti-cancer quinine”, Int J Mol Sci. 21 (2020) 4378. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124378

I.A. Duru & C.E. Duru, “Molecular docking of compounds in the essential oil of Ocimium gratissimum leaf against PIM-1 kinase of Escherichia coli”, EJ-CHEM 1 (2020) 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24018/ejchem.2020.1.6.26

L. Hu, L. Zou, Z. Qin, J. Fang, L. Huang & P. Wang, “A novel label-free bioengineered cell-based biosensor for salicin detection”, Sens Actuators B Chem 238 (2017) 1151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.02.072

C. Couteau & L. Coiffard, “Overview of skin whitening agents: Drugs and cosmetic products”, Cosmetics 3 (2016) 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics3030027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics3030027

E.B. Handog, M.S. Datuin & I.A. Singzon, “An open-label, single-arm trial of the safety and efficacy of a novel preparation of glutathione as a skin-lightening agent in Filipino women”, Int J Dermatol 55 (2016) 153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12999

R. De Dormael, P. Bastien, P. Sextius, A. Gueniche, D. Ye, C. Tran, V. Chevalier, C.C. Gomes, L. Souverain & C. Tricaud, “Vitamin C prevents ultraviolet-induced pigmentation in healthy volunteers: Bayesian meta-analysis results from 31 randomized controlled versus vehicle clinical studies”, J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 12 (2019) 53.

T. Hakozaki, L. Minwalla, J. Zhuang, M. Chhoa, A. Matsubara, K. Miyamoto, A. Greatens, G.G. Hillebrand, D.L. Bissett & R.E. Boissy, “The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer”, Br J Dermatol 147 (2002) 20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04834.x

N. Iftekhar & V.P. Zhitny, “Overview of skin bleaching history and origins”, Dermatology 237 (2021) 306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000509727

C.E. Duru, I.A. Duru & A.E. Adegboyega “In Silico identification of compounds from Nigella sativa seed oil as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 targets”, Bull Natl Res Cent 45 (2021) 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00517-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00517-x